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Panchronic Comparative Linguistics

Solon bibliography

by Andreas Hölzl, 20.02.2026

Part of the cover of Ivanovskiy (1894)

Overview

Solon is an Ewenic language that belongs to the Northern Tungusic languages. This brief bibliography is not exhaustive. A focus is on grammatical descriptions, word lists or dictionaries, and dialogues or texts. It also includes descriptions of closely related Ewenic languages spoken in the vicinity of Solon, including Evenki and Oroqen dialects. While many descriptions have been published in Chinese, there is also important work in English, German, Japanese, or Russian.

Bibliography

  • Aalto, Pentti. 1976. G. J. Ramstedts Onkor-solonisches Wörterverzeichnis I. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 38. 31–41. (Solon word list from Xinjiang, German)
  • Aalto, Pentti. 1977. G. J. Ramstedts Onkor-solonisches Wörterverzeichnis II. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 39. 55–84. (Solon word list from Xinjiang, German)
  • Aalto, Pentti. 1979. G. J. Ramstedts Onkor-solonische Sprachmaterialien. Studia Orientalia 51(5). 3–13. (Solon phrases and texts from Xinjiang, German)
  • Baek, Sangyub. 2017. Grammatical peculiarities of Oroqen Evenki from the perspective of genetic and areal linguistics. Linguistic Typology of the North, vol. 4. 13–32. (Details of Oroqen dialects, English)
  • Baek, Sangyub. 2024. Solon. In Alexander Vovin, José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente & Juha Janhunen (eds.), The Tungusic languages, 206-233. London: Routledge. (A sketch of Solon, English)
  • Bai Lan & Juha Janhunen. 1991. On the present state of the Ongkor Solon. Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 84. 225–229. (Brief overview of the loss of the Solon formerly spoken in Xinjiang, English)
  • Han Youfeng 韩有峰 & Meng Shuxian 孟淑贤. 2014. Zhongguo elunchunyu fangyan yanjiu 中国鄂伦春语方言研究. Guoli minzuxue bowuguan diaocha baogao 国立民族学博物馆调查报告 116. 1–113. (Comparison of Oroqen dialects, Chinese)
  • Han Youfeng 韩有峰 & Meng Shuxian 孟淑贤. 2019. Elunchunyu hanyu cidian 鄂 伦春语汉语词典. Peking: Beifang wenyi chubanshe. (Oroqen dictionary, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 1985. Ewenkeyu de ge 鄂温克语的格. Manyu yanjiu 满语研 究 1. 35–40, 110. (The case system of Solon, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 1989. Lun ewenkeyu juzi jiegou 论鄂温克语句子结构. Manyu yanjiu 满语研究 2. 24–39, 122. (A sketch of Solon syntax, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 1995. Ewenkeyu yanjiu 鄂温克语研究. Peking: Minzu chubanshe. (Grammar of Solon, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2009. Ewenkeyu cankao yufa 鄂温克语参考语法. Peking: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. (Solon reference grammar, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2014. Man tonggusiyuzu yuyan cihui bijiao 满通古斯语族语言 词汇比较. Peking: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. (Comparative Tungusic dictionary with Solon data, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2016a. Ewenke yu jiaocheng 鄂温克语教程. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Solon textbook, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2016b. Suolun ewenke yu jiben cihui 索伦鄂温克语基本词汇. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Solon dictionary, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2017. Ewenkezu san da fangyan cihui bijiao 鄂温克族三大方 言词汇比较. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Comparative dictionary of Solon and Evenki dialects of the area, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Kajia 卡佳 2016a. Suolun ewenkeyu huihua 索伦鄂温克语 会话. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Solon dialogues, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Kajia 卡佳 2016b. Tonggusi ewenkeyu huihua 通古斯鄂温 克语会话. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Dialogues of an Evenki dialect, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Kajia 卡佳. 2017. Nehe ewenkeyu jiben cihui 讷河鄂温克语 基本词汇. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Dictionary of a Solon dialect, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Kalina 卡丽娜. 2016. Ewenkezu yanyu 鄂温克族谚语. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Solon proverbs, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Kalina 卡丽娜. 2017. Arong ewenkeyu 阿荣鄂温克语. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Grammar of a Solon dialect, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2017. Ewenkeyu dongci xingtai lun 鄂温克语动词形态论. Peking: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. (Discussion of the Solon verb phrase, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. 2017. Ewenkeyu mingci xingtai lun 鄂温克语名词形态论. Peking: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. (Discussion of the Solon noun phrase, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O., Kajia 卡佳, Aliya 阿丽娅 & Tami’er 塔米尔. 2014. Ewenkeyu 366 ju huihuaju 鄂温克语366局会话局. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Solon phrases, Chinese)
  • Chaoke 朝克 D. O. & Sirenbatu 斯仁巴图. 2016. Aoluguya ewenke yu huihua 敖 鲁古雅鄂温克语会话. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Dialogues in an Evenki dialect of the area, Chinese)
  • Cincius, Vera I. 1975/1977. Sravnitel’nyy slovar’ tunguso-man’chzhurskikh yazykov. Materialy k etimologicheskomu slovaryu. Leningrad: Nauka. (Comparative Tungusic dictionary with Solon data, Russian)
  • Cincius, Vera I. 1997. Solonskij jazyk. In V. M. Alpatov et al. (eds.), Jazyki mira. mongol’skie jazyki, tunguso-man’chzhurskie jazyki, japonskij jazyk, korejskij jazyk, 226–236. Moscow: Indrik. (Grammatical sketch of Solon, Russian)
  • Doerfer, Gerhard. 1986. Solonische Ergänzungen zu den “Mongolo-Tunguscia”. Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen 10. 85–90. (Etymological remarks on Solon, German)
  • Doerfer, Gerhard. 1999. W. Stötzners mandschurei-tungusische Aufzeichnungen. Central Asiatic Journal 43(1). 21–41. (Word lists from Solon and Evenki dialects of the area with etymological remarks, German)
  • Doerfer, Gerhard & Michael Knüppel. 2004. Etymologisch-ethnologisches Wörterbuch tungusischer Dialekte (vornehmlich der Mandschurei). Hildesheim: Olms. (Comparative Tungusic dictionary with Solon data, German)
  • Dao’erji, Du 道尔基, 杜. 1998. E han cidian. Hailar: Neimenggu wenhua chubanshe. (Solon Chinese dictionary, Chinese)
  • Duo Limei & Chaoke D. O. 2016. Tonggusi ewenke yu yanjiu. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Grammar of an Evenki dialect of the area, Chinese)
  • Hu Zengyi 胡增益. 1984. Ewenkeyu gaikuang 鄂温克语概况. Minzu yuwen 民族 语文 1. 60–74. (A sketch of Solon, Chinese)
  • Hu Zengyi 胡增益. 2007. Ewenkeyu 鄂温克语. In Sun Hongkai 孙宏开, Hu Zengyi 胡增益 & Huang Xing 黄行 (eds.), Zhongguo de yuyan 中国的语言, 2017–2039. Peking: Shangwu yinshuguan. (A sketch of Solon, Chinese)
  • Hu Zengyi & Chaoke D. O. 1986. Ewenkeyu jianzhi. Peking: Minzu chubanshe. (Solon grammar with word list, Chinese)
  • Hu Zengyi 胡增益. 2007. Elunchunyu 鄂伦春语. In Sun Hongkai 孙宏开, Hu Zengyi 胡增益 & Huang Xing 黄行 (eds.), Zhongguo de yuyan 中国的语言, 2040–2060. Peking: Shangwu yinshuguan. (A sketch of Oroqen, Chinese)
  • Ivanovskij, A. O. 1982 [1894]. Mandjurica I. Specimens of the Solon and Dagur languages (Debter, Deb-Ther, Debtelin: Materials for Central Asiatic and Altaic Studies 2). Budapest: Akadémiai Kaidó. (Old data from Solon, Oroqen (incorrectly called Solon), and Dagur, Russian)
  • Janhunen, Juha. 1991. Material on Manchurian Khamnigan Evenki (Castrenianumin toimitteia 222). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. (Grammar of an Evenki dialect of the area, English)
  • Jitegeletu 吉特格勒图. 1999. Lun ewenkeyu dongci yu rencheng guanxi 论鄂温克 语动词与人称关系. Minzu jiaoyu yanjiu 民族教育研究 163–168. (A discussion of some aspects of the Solon verb, Chinese)
  • Kałużyński, Stanisław. 1970. Solonisches Wörterverzeichnis. Rocznik Orjentalistyczny 33(1). 103–44. (Solon word list, German)
  • Kałużyński, Stanisław. 1971. Solonisches Wörterverzeichnis. Rocznik Orjentalistyczny 34(2). 15–56. (Solon word list, German)
  • Kazama, Shinjirō. 2003. Basic vocabulary (A) of Tungusic languages. Kyōto: Nakanishi. (Comparative Tungusic dictionary with Solon data, English)
  • Kazama, Shinjirō 風間伸次郎. 2007. Soron no minwa to densetsu 1 ソロンの民話 と伝説 1. Fuchū: Tōkyō gaikokugo daigaku. (Collection of Solon texts, Japanese)
  • Kazama, Shinjirō 風間伸次郎. 2008. Soron no minwa to densetsu 2 ソロンの民話 と伝説 2. Fuchū: Tōkyō gaikokugo daigaku. (Collection of Solon texts, Japanese)
  • Kazama, Shinjirō 風間伸次郎. 2018. Soron go ソロン語. In Li Linjin 李林静, Yamakoshi Yasuhiro 山越康裕 & Kogura Norikazu 児倉徳和 (eds.), Chūgoku hoppō kiki gengo no dokyumentēshon 中国北方危機言語のドキュメ ンテーション, 101–159. Tōkyō : Sangensha. (Probably a sketch of Solon, Japanese)
  • Khabtagaeva, Bayarma. 2012. The Dagur elements in Solon Evenki. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65 (3), 335–346. (Language contact of Solon with the Mongolic language Dagur, English)
  • Lie, Hiu. 1978. Solonisches Material aus dem Huin-gol. In Gerhard Doerfer & Michael Weiers (eds.), Tungusica, vol. 1, 126–78. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. (Solon word list and grammar sketch with a classification of Solon dialects, German)
  • Ligeti, Louis. 1959. Les mots solons dans un ouvrage chinois des Ts’ing. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9. 231–272. (Analysis of the oldest Solon data recorded in Chinese, French)
  • Najia 娜佳. 2017. Dula‘er ewenke yu yanjiu 杜拉尔鄂温克语研究. Peking: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. (Grammar of what appears to be an Evenki or Oroqen dialect of the area, but with some Solon characteristics, in need of classification, Chinese)
  • Nargil. 2025. The language ecology and endangerment of Solon, a Tungusic language spoken in China. Sibirica 24(1). 1-37. (An overview of how widely Solon is still spoken, English)
  • Poppe, Nicholas. 1931. Materialy po solonskomu jazyku/Материалы по солонскому языку. Leningrad: Nauka. (Solon texts, word list, and grammar sketch, Russian)
  • Saxirong 萨希荣. 1981. Jianming hanyu elunchunyu duizhao duben 简明汉语鄂伦 春语对照读本. Peking: Minzu chubanshe. (Word list and dialogues in an Oroqen dialect of the area, Chinese)
  • Tsumagari, Toshirō. 1992. A basic vocabulary of Khamnigan and Oluguya Ewenki in northern Inner Mongolia. Bulletin of the Institute for the Study of North Eurasian Culture 21. 83–103. (Word list of Evenki dialects of the area, English)
  • Tsumagari, Toshiro. 1997. Linguistic diversity and national borders of Tungusic. Senri Ethnological Studies 44. 175–186. (Areal connections of Tungusic languages, including Solon, English)
  • Tsumagari, Toshirō. 2009. A sketch of Solon grammar. Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 2. 1–21. (Solon grammar sketch, English)
  • Whaley, Lindsay J. 2024. Orochen. In Alexander Vovin, José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente & Juha Janhunen (eds.), The Tungusic languages, 184-205. London: Routledge. (A sketch of Oroqen, English)
  • Whaley, Lindsay J. & Fengxiang Li. 2000. Oroqen dialects. Central Asiatic Journal 44. 105–130. (Classification of Oroqen dialects, English)
  • Whaley, Lindsay J., Lenore A. Grenoble & Li Fengxiang. 1999. Revisiting Tungusic classification from the bottom up: A comparison of Evenki and Oroqen. Language 75(2). 286–321. (Classification of Oroqen with reference to Evenki and Solon, English)